![]() ![]() In contrast, a 3D-printed haptic biomodel allows both the surgeon and the patient to develop a superior understanding of the anatomy and the procedure with the goal of improved operative planning through the ability to interact directly with a model of the patient-specific anatomy. However, current imaging modalities are limited by being displayed on a 2D surface, such as a computer screen. Recent development of three-dimensional (3D) and 4D CTA techniques have enhanced spatial appreciation of the perforator vessels, their vascular territory, and dynamic flow characteristics preoperatively ( 4, 5). In breast reconstructive surgery, the introduction of computed tomographic angiography (CTA) has enabled surgeons to improve clinical outcomes ( 1) through accurate and reliable prospective selection of the donor site, flap, perforators, and the optimal mode of dissection ( 2, 3). Furthermore, we discuss the potential of 3D printing to become an essential office-based tool in plastic surgery to assist in preoperative planning, developing intraoperative guidance tools, teaching patients and surgical trainees, and producing patient-specific prosthetics in everyday surgical practice.Īdvanced medical imaging has become an essential component of preoperative planning in plastic surgery. In this review, existing uses of 3D printing in plastic surgery practice spanning the spectrum from templates for facial transplantation surgery through to the formation of bespoke craniofacial implants to optimize post-operative esthetics are described. These developments offer immense potential for the application of 3D printing at the bedside for a variety of clinical applications. ![]() Significant improvements in clinical imaging and user-friendly 3D software have permitted computer-aided 3D modeling of anatomical structures and implants without outsourcing in many cases. ![]() The cost and size of 3D printers have rapidly decreased over the past decade in parallel with the expiration of key 3D printing patents. However, many clinicians have questioned whether the cost-to-benefit ratio justifies its ongoing use. With increasing accessibility, investigators are able to convert standard imaging data into a CAD file using various 3D reconstruction softwares and ultimately fabricate 3D models using 3D printing techniques, such as stereolithography, multijet modeling, selective laser sintering, binder jet technique, and fused deposition modeling. The early adopters in clinical practice have embraced the medical imaging-guided 3D-printed biomodels for their ability to provide tactile feedback and a superior appreciation of visuospatial relationship between anatomical structures. 3D printing, also known as rapid prototyping or additive manufacturing, was once the province of industry to fabricate models from a computer-aided design (CAD) in a layer-by-layer manner. However, conventional modalities, including three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions, are limited by their representation on 2D workstations. Three patients with chronic dissection developed either pseudoaneurysm or true lumen compromise by expanded false lumen thrombi and required re-endografting.Modern imaging techniques are an essential component of preoperative planning in plastic and reconstructive surgery. 121) dissection settings after mean follow-up of 14.0 ± 4.8 months in the AD group and 24.8 ± 5.9 months in the CD group. Intimomedial erosion of the distal end of the stent graft occurred in both acute (n = 6 18.9%) and chronic (n = 10 35.7% P =. 05), they were less prominent at the distal aorta in the CD aneurysm group. During follow-up, despite the proximal changes of stented true and adjacent false lumen diameter being significantly increased and decreased, respectively, in both acute and chronic settings ( P <. 221), but the complete regression rate of the thoracic false lumen down to the diaphragm level showed a tendency of propitious remodeling in the AD group (54.8% vs 30.8% P =. Complete thrombosis of the thoracic false lumen down to the diaphragm level was achieved in 80.6% of the patients in the AD group and 88.5% in the CD group without significant difference ( P =. 585) in a mean follow-up period of 24.1 ± 15.6 months. The cumulative survival rates of the two groups were similar (77.6% and 89.0% P =. The stent graft was successfully implanted in all patients (100%), with two surgical mortalities in the AD group and low perioperative morbidity (3.6%) of stroke and paraplegia. ![]()
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